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WHAT IS PHP AND WHY SHOULD I CARE? ever needs updating, I need to change only one page. Even though the menu is always generated by the same page, a little bit of PHP magic automatically highlights the correct button for the current page. You ll learn how to move an existing navigation bar to an external file and implement automatic highlighting in Chapter 4. Because the site is subscription-only, users need to log in at the top right of the page to see the content, more than 14,000 articles in Japanese and English stored in a searchable database. When I log in, though, I get to see much more than anyone else: my security setting gives me administrator status, which enables me to insert new articles, edit existing ones, and register new users. You won t be building anything quite so ambitious in this book, but Chapters 9 through 15 teach you how to control access to your site with PHP sessions, as well as how to create a content management system with PHP and the MySQL relational database management system. Don t worry if you haven t worked with MySQL before; Chapter 10 shows you how to install it. Like PHP, it s open source and free for most users. Figure 1-3. PHP not only drives all the logic behind this online database, but also restricts access to subscribers. Other important uses for PHP in a website are sending email and uploading files, subjects covered in Chapters 5 and 6. By the time you finish this book, you ll wonder how you ever managed without PHP. So how difficult is it going to be?
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PHP SOLUTIONS: DYNAMIC WEB DESIGN MADE EASY on the server and creates the XHTML needed to display the page with a random choice of image. The server chooses the image filename and inserts it into the tag before sending the page to the browser. You can even use images of different sizes, because the PHP code detects the dimensions of the image and inserts the correct width and height attributes. What PHP does is enable you to introduce logic into your web pages. Chapter 3 covers this subject in detail, but this logic is based on alternatives. If it s Wednesday, show Wednesday s TV schedules . . . If the person who logs in has administrator privileges, display the admin menu; otherwise, deny access . . . that sort of thing. PHP bases some decisions on information that it gleans from the server: the date, the time, the day of the week, information held in the page s URL, and so on. At other times, the decisions are based on user input, which PHP extracts from XHTML forms. As a result, you can create an infinite variety of output from a single script. For example, if you visit my blog at http://foundationphp.com/blog/ (see Figure 1-2), and click various internal links, what you see is always the same page, but with different content. Admittedly, I tend to write always about the same kinds of subjects, but that s my fault, not PHP s. Figure 1-2. Blogs are a good example of sites ideally suited to PHP. Another website that I have created and maintained for several years, a subscription-only Japanese-language site (see Figure 1-3), is driven entirely by PHP. The navigation menu appears on every page of the site, but it s contained in a completely separate file, so if it
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WHAT IS PHP AND WHY SHOULD I CARE? Embracing the power of code If you re the sort of web designer or developer who uses a visual design tool, such as Dreamweaver, GoLive, or FrontPage, and never looks at the underlying code, it s time to rethink your approach. You re rapidly becoming an endangered species and not the furry or cuddly sort that environmentalists will campaign to save from extinction. Good-looking design is definitely a top priority and always will be but it s no longer enough on its own. Designers need to have a solid grasp of the underlying structure of their pages. That means a knowledge of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) or its more recent incarna tion, Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). The CSS Zen Garden, cultivated by Dave Shea, played a pivotal role in convincing designers of the power of code. The underlying XHTML of every page showcased at www.csszengarden.com is identical, but as Figure 1-1 shows, the CSS produces stunningly different results. You don t need to be a CSS superhero, but as long as you have a good understanding of the basics of XHTML and CSS, you re ready to take your web design skills to the next stage by adding PHP to your arsenal. Figure 1-1. CSS Zen Garden has opened the eyes of web designers to the importance of code. Creating pages that think for themselves PHP is a server-side language. That means it runs on the web server, unlike CSS or JavaScript, which run on the client side (that is, the computer of the person visiting your site). This gives you much greater control. As long as the code works on your server, everyone receives the same output. For instance, Chapter 4 shows you how to create a random image generator with PHP. You can do the same thing with JavaScript, but what visitors to your site actually see depends on two things: JavaScript being enabled in their web browser, and the browser they are using understanding the version of JavaScript you have used. With PHP, this doesn t matter, because the dynamic process takes place entirely
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PHP SOLUTIONS: DYNAMIC WEB DESIGN MADE EASY What this chapter covers: Understanding what PHP can do Is PHP difficult? Is PHP safe? Using the download files One of the first things most people want to know about PHP is what the initials stand for. Then they wish they had never asked. Officially, PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. It s an ugly name that gives the impression that it s strictly for nerds or propellerheads. Nothing could be further from the truth. PHP is a scripting language that brings websites to life in the following ways: Sending feedback from your website directly to your mailbox Sending email with attachments Uploading files to a web page Watermarking images Generating thumbnails from larger images Displaying and updating information dynamically Using a database to display and store information Making websites searchable And much more . . . PHP is easy to learn; it s platform-neutral, so the same code runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux; and all the software you need to develop with PHP is open source and therefore free. There was a brief debate on the PHP General mailing list (http://news.php.net/ php.general) in early 2006 about changing what PHP stands for. Small wonder, then, that it drew the comment that people who use PHP are Positively Happy People. The aim of this book is to help you become one too. PHP started out as Personal Home Page in 1995, but it was decided to change the name a couple of years later, as it was felt that Personal Home Page sounded like something for hobbyists, and didn t do justice to the range of sophisticated features that had been added. Since then, PHP has developed even further, adding extensive support for object- oriented programming (OOP) in PHP 5. One of the language s great attractions, though, is that it remains true to its roots. You can start writing useful scripts very quickly without the need to learn lots of theory, yet be confident in the knowledge that you re using a technology with the capability to develop industrial-strength applications. Although PHP supports OOP, it s not an object-oriented language, and the scripts in this book concentrate on simpler techniques that are quick and easy to implement. If they help you to achieve what you want, great; if they inspire you to take your knowledge of PHP to the next level, even better. Make no mistake, though. Using simple techniques doesn t mean the solutions you ll find in these pages aren t powerful. They are.
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1 WHAT IS PHP AND WHY SHOULD I CARE?
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INTRODUCTION Displaying a summary of a long article and linking to the full text Protecting parts of your site with user authentication You ll also learn how to process user input from every type of form element text fields, drop-down menus, check boxes, and so forth. Most important of all, you ll see how a few simple checks can guard your websites and databases from malicious attack. In this book, I ve followed the same technique that has proved successful in Foundation PHP 5 for Flash and Foundation PHP for Dreamweaver 8. Each chapter takes you through a series of stages in a single project, with each stage building on the previous one. By working through the chapter, you get the full picture of how everything fits together. You can later refer back to the individual stages to refresh your memory about a particular technique. Although this isn t a reference book, Chapter 3 is a primer on PHP syntax, and some chapters contain short reference sections notably Chapter 7 (reading from and writing to files), Chapter 9 (PHP sessions), Chapter 11 (MySQL data types and connection commands), and Chapter 13 (the four essential SQL commands). So, to return to the original question: how easy is easy? I have done my best to ease your path, but there is no snake oil or magic potion. It will require some effort on your part. Don t attempt to do everything at once. Add new dynamic features to your site a few at a time. Get to understand how they work, and your efforts will be amply rewarded. Adding PHP and MySQL to your skills will enable you to build websites that offer much richer content and an interactive user experience. It s been great fun writing this book, and the process has been smoothed all the way by the editorial team at friends of ED/Apress led admirably as ever by Chris Mills, the man with the psychedelic stuffed chicken (www.flickr.com/photos/chrismills/124635002/). Special thanks go also to Samuel Wright for his helpful technical review, Kylie Johnston for keeping the project on an even keel, Nicole Flores and Ami Knox for their sensitive copy editing, Laura Cheu for overseeing the process of turning my words and pictures into the book you re now reading, and everybody else who toiled behind the scenes. My greatest thanks of all go to you for buying this book. What do you mean you haven t bought it yet? Rush over to the checkout counter and buy it now. Then let the fun begin. If you enjoy what you re doing, then everything becomes easy.
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INTRODUCTION Dynamic Web Design Made Easy that s a pretty bold claim. How easy is easy? It s not like an instant cake mix: just add water and stir. Dynamic web design is well dynamic. Every website is different, so it s impossible to grab a script, paste it into a web page, and expect it to work. Building dynamic sites involves diving into the code and adjusting it to your own requirements. If that thought makes you break out in a cold sweat, just relax for a moment. PHP is not difficult, and I ve written this book very much with the non- programmer in mind. I ve done so because I don t come from a computing background myself. In fact, I went to school in the days before pocket calculators were invented, never mind personal computers. As a result, I don t assume that you drank in knowledge of arrays, loops, and conditional statements with your mother s milk. Everything is explained in plain, straightforward language, and I ve highlighted points where things may go wrong, with advice on how to solve the problem. At the same time, if you re working with computers and websites, you re bound to have a certain level of technical knowledge and skill. So I don t talk down to you either. Over the years, I ve read a lot of books about PHP and MySQL. The one thing that s missing from all of them is any concept of visual design. So I decided to be different. I picked a handful of the best photographs I took on a visit to Japan in late 2005 and incorporated them into a site called Japan Journey (http://foundationphp.com/phpsolutions/journey/), which features throughout the book. I wanted to show that sites powered by PHP don t have to look boring; in fact, they shouldn t visual appeal is an essential part of any website. All the pages are built in standards-compliant XHTML and styled with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). However, the main focus remains firmly on working with PHP and MySQL, teaching you how to add a wealth of dynamic features to a website. Some of the things you ll learn by working through this book include the following: Displaying random images of different sizes Uploading images and automatically making copies that conform to a maximum size Creating an online photo gallery Building a navigation system to page through a long set of database results
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ABOUT THE COVER IMAGE However, the subtitle of this book is not Zen and the Art of Website Maintenance (apologies to Robert M. Pirsig). I want this book to teach you practical skills. At the same time, the inscription on this water basin embodies an important message that applies very much to creating dynamic websites with PHP. The solution to a problem may not always be immediately obvious, but creative thinking will often lead you to the answer. There is no single right way to build a dynamic website. The more you experiment, the more inventive your solutions are likely to become.
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145Chapter 8StringsBoth the start-position argument and the length argument can be negative, and in each casethe negativity has a different meaning. If the start-position is negative, it means that the start- ing character is determined by counting backward from the end of the string, rather than for- ward from the beginning. (A start position of 1means start with the last character, 2meanssecond-to-last, and so on.) Now, you might expect that a negative length would similarly imply that the substring should be determined by counting backward from the start character rather than forward. This is notthe case it is always true that the character at the start-position is the first character in thereturned string (not the last). Instead, a negative-length argument means that the final characteris determined by counting backward from the end rather than forward from the start position. Here are some examples, with positive and negative arguments: $alphabet_test = abcdefghijklmnop ; print( 3: . substr($alphabet_test, 3) .
); print( -3: . substr($alphabet_test, -3) .
); print( 3, 5: . substr($alphabet_test, 3, 5) .
); print( 3, -5: . substr($alphabet_test, 3, -5) .
); print( -3, -5: . substr($alphabet_test, -3, -5) .
); print( -3, 5: . substr($alphabet_test, -3, 5) .
); This gives us the output: 3: defghijklmnop-3: nop3, 5: defgh3, -5: defghijk-3, -5: -3, 5: nopIn the substr()example with a start position of 3and a length of 5, the ending positionis before the starting position, which in a sense specifies a string with negative length. The manual at www.php.net/manualcurrently says that such negative length calls to substr()will result in returning a string containing the single character at the start position. Instead, as in the preceding example, PHP5 seems to return empty strings in such cases. Caveat coder. Notice that there is an intimate relationship between the functions substr(),strstr(), andstrpos(). The substr()function selects a substring by numerical position, strstr() selects a substring by its content, and strpos()finds the numerical position of a given sub- string. In the case where we re sure in advance that the string $containinghas the string$containedas a substring, the expression: strstr($containing, $contained) should be equivalent to the code: substr($containing, strpos($containing, $contained)) String cleanup functionsAlthough they are technically substring functions, just like the others in this chapter, thefunctions chop(), ltrim(), and trim() are really used for cleaning up untidy strings. Theytrim whitespace off of the end, beginning, and beginning-and-end, respectively, of their singlestring argument. Some examples: Caution10
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