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LIGHTENING YOUR WORKLOAD WITH INCLUDES 9. A drawback with this technique is that filenames consist of only one word at least they should. If you ve picked up bad habits from Windows and Mac OS X permit ting spaces in filenames, get out of them immediately. Spaces are not allowed in URLs, which is why most web design software replaces spaces with %20. You can get around this problem, though, by using an underscore. Change the name of the file you re working with so that it uses two words separated by an underscore. For example, change contact.php to contact_us.php. 10. Change the code in title.inc.php like this: The middle line uses a function called str_replace() to look for every underscore and replace it with a space. The function takes three arguments: The character you want to replace (you can also search for multiple characters) The replacement character or characters The string where you want the changes to be made You can also use str_replace() to remove character(s) by using an empty string (a pair of quotes with nothing between them) as the second argument. This replaces the string in the first argument with nothing, effectively removing it. The other change is in the final line of code. Instead of ucfirst(), it uses the related function ucwords(), which gives each word an initial cap. 11. Save title.inc.php and load into a browser the file that you renamed in step 9. Figure 4-7 shows the result with contact_us.php. Figure 4-7. With the help of str_replace(), you can even create titles that contain more than one word. 12. Change back the name of the file so that it no longer has an underscore. Reload the file into a browser. You ll see that the script in title.inc.php still works. There are no underscores to replace, so str_replace() leaves the value of $title untouched, and ucwords() converts the first letter to uppercase, even though there s only one word. 101
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PHP SOLUTIONS: DYNAMIC WEB DESIGN MADE EASY If you ve been using CSS for a while, you ll know that putting anything above the DOCTYPE declaration forces browsers into quirks mode. However, this doesn t apply to PHP code, as long as it doesn t send any output to the browser. The code in title.inc.php only assigns a value to $title, so the DOCTYPE declara- tion remains the first thing that the browser sees, and any CSS is displayed in standards-compliant mode. 7. Save both pages and load the web page into a browser. Figure 4-6 shows how the change is reflected in contact.php. Figure 4-6. Once you extract the filename, it s possible to create the page title dynamically. 8. Not bad, but what if you prefer an initial capital letter for the part of the title derived from the filename? Nothing could be simpler. PHP has a neat little function called ucfirst(), which does exactly that (the name is easy to remember once you realize that uc stands for uppercase ). Add another line to the code in step 4 like this: When confronted by something like this, some people start breaking out into a sweat, convinced that programming is a black art that is the work of the devil or at least of a warped mind. Actually, it s quite simple: the first line of code after the PHP tag gets the filename, strips the .php off the end, and stores it as $title. The next line takes the value of $title, passes it to ucfirst() to capitalize the first letter, and stores the result back in $title. So, if the filename is contact.php, $title starts out as contact, but by the end of the following line it has become Contact. You can shorten the code by combining both lines into one like this: $title = ucfirst(basename($_SERVER[’SCRIPT_NAME’], ‘.php’)); When you nest functions like this, PHP processes the innermost one first and passes the result to the outer function. It makes your code shorter, but it s not so easy to read.
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LIGHTENING YOUR WORKLOAD WITH INCLUDES You now have the basis for automatically creating the page title for every page in your site, using basename(), $_SERVER[’SCRIPT_NAME’], and an include file. 3. Create a new PHP file called title.inc.php and save it in the includes folder. 4. Strip out any code inserted by your script editor, and type in the following code (the finished code for title.inc.php is in the ch04/includes folder of the download files): This finds the filename of the current page, strips the .php filename extension, and assigns the result to a variable called $title. The code for this include file must be enclosed in PHP tags. This is because the whole file needs to be treated as PHP. Unlike the menu, it won t be displayed directly inside other pages. 5. Open a PHP page in your script editor. If you re using the Japan Journey site, use contact.php. Include title.inc.php by typing this above the DOCTYPE declaration: 6. Amend the This uses echo to display — (the numerical entity for an em dash) followed by the value of $title. Because the string is enclosed in double quotes, PHP displays the value of $title (see All you ever wanted to know about quotes and more in Chapter 3 for an explanation of how PHP treats variables inside double quotes). The variable $title has also been enclosed in curly braces because there is no space between the em dash and $title. Although not always necessary, it s a good idea to enclose variables in braces when using them without any whitespace in a double-quoted string, as it makes the variable clear to you and the PHP engine. The first few lines of your page should look like this:
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PHP SOLUTIONS: DYNAMIC WEB DESIGN MADE EASY browser, you ll see that the here ID has been automatically inserted into the correct link. If you experience any problems, compare your code with menu.inc02.php in the download files. Figure 4-5. With the help of some simple conditional code, the include file produces different output for each page. Now that you know how to find the filename of the current page, you might also find it useful to automate the